Mathematics, Biology, and Physics: Interactions and Interdependence

Modern science means that which has a solid conceptual framework, and which considers experimental results as the ultimate litmus test against which to validate any theoretical construct. Its birth can be traced back to the 16th and 17th Centuries. The work of people like Nicholaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, William Harvey, Vesalius, and others was seminal to this development. Before the so-called Scientific Revolution, natural philosophers (the forefathers of scientists as we know them today) did not perform experiments as manual labor was considered a lower class activity. This attitude, inherited from the Greeks, changed between the 16th and the 18th Centuries, as merchants and craftsmen gained economic and political power. As a result economics, politics, and science went through significant changes. In that period democracy, capitalism, and modern science were founded and emerged as the cornerstones of a new era. During the Enlightenment, in the latter part of the 18th and early part of the 19th